| The religious dance Qamo
in Tibet came into being during the confrontation of Buddhism and the local Bon-po
religion (the Black Sect). In the process of localizing Buddhism, Padmasambhava
from Kashmir created a kind of religious dance to subdue the "evil spirits"
in monasteries by giving the local Tibetan dances Buddhist interpretations. This
religious dance gradually became popular as Qamo, a sorcerer's dance. According
to Chronicles of Tibetan Kings, various kinds of animal-mime dances, divine-instrument
dances, drum dances and flower-offering ceremonial dances appeared during the
reign of Songzan Gambo in the seventh century. Instead of absorbing the local
Tibetan dances completely, Padmasambhava selected only some animal-mime dances
and divine instrument dances that suited Buddhism and combined them with the ceremonial
mask dance of the Bon-po religion. These dances and Ox Dance, Deer God Dance and
Dharma Protector Dance, preserved to this day, trace back to the same origin. Before
the modern Sorcerer's Dance begins formally, a traditional livestock sacrificial
ceremony is held. However, livestock is no longer killed since it goes against
the doctrines of Buddhism. Mostly drawings are substituted. When the ceremony
begins, suona horns are blown and drums and cymbals beaten, A group of performers
playing demons walk slowly round as a prelude to the dance. This is followed by
the Demons' Dance, Skeleton Dance, Ox God Dance, Deer Dance, Guardian Dance and
Dharma Protector Dance. Between dances Lamas put on wrestling and acrobatic bouts
to entertain the spectators. Sometimes they perform stories from Buddhist scripture
that bear messages to do good things in other people's interest, such as "Sacrifice
Life to Save the Tiger" and "Dance of the Man of Longevity," who
is believed to be generous in bestowing longevity and good fortune. The last act
is for the divine soldiers to drive away the evil spirits. With guns on their
shoulders, the performers send Duoma (the leading demon, made of butter and tsampa)
to the wilderness and burn him to drive away evil for the year and pray for good
fortune in the coming year. |